470uF 100V Electrolytic Capacitor

An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte to achieve a larger capacitance compared to other types of capacitors. The electrolyte is a liquid or gel that contains a high concentration of ions.

🔧 Internal Structure

• Anode (Positive Electrode): Made of aluminum, its surface is coated with an insulating layer of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), which acts as the dielectric.
• Dielectric: A very thin layer of aluminum oxide with high dielectric strength.
• Cathode (Negative Electrode): A conductive liquid or gel (the electrolyte), which contacts a conductive layer outside.
• Separator: An absorbent paper layer soaked with electrolyte, placed between the anode and cathode.
• Case: The entire structure is enclosed in a metal cylinder with two leads; usually has a safety vent on top to prevent explosion.

⚙️ Key Characteristics

• Capacitance Range: Typically from 0.1 µF to 100,000 µF (high capacity).
• Voltage Rating: From 6.3V to 450V.
• Polarity: Electrolytic capacitors are polarized; connecting them in reverse may cause leakage, heat, or explosion.
• Frequency Response: Best for low to medium frequencies. Not ideal for high-frequency circuits.
• Lifespan: Limited due to electrolyte evaporation (typically 2,000–10,000 hours at 85–105°C).

📌 Common Applications

• DC voltage filtering in power supplies
• Coupling and decoupling in audio circuits
• Delay circuits in timers
• Energy storage and voltage smoothing